Early Modern Period Free Essays

1450-1750 Early Modern Period Major Developments I. Questions of Periodization A. Major points 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Modern Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shift in power to the West a. Rise of the West with fall of China and India creates imbalance in power that favors Europeans for next 200 years 2. World becomes smaller – almost all civilizations touched by trade 3. New Empires – Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands, Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming 4. Age of Gunpowder B. Changes at end of Postclassical Era 1. Independent societies (Aztecs, Incas) falling apart 2. Arab power declining 3. New invasions – Mongols 4. Ottoman Empire gains power a. Europeans threatened by new force to East 5. Chinese flirt with trade, but Ming bureaucrats pull back 6. Europe enters age of exploration C. Western Europe 1. Unusual agricultural civilization 2. New view of family – nuclear a. Love toward spouse b. Affection toward children 3. Return to rational thought 4. Stable political structures a. Absolute monarchy b. Parliamentary monarchies 5. Religious reformers a. Reform the Church b. Protestant Reformation D. Effects of Global Economy 1. By 1750, almost everyone knows everyone 2. Food exchange – new staple crops to Africa (corn), Europe (potato) 3. Unequal relationships – master, slave, owners, workforce 4. Slaves and serfs 5. Diseases E. Themes 1. Declining emphasis of nomads 2. Direct relationships – ambassadors replace intermediaries (Nomads) 3. Gender relations remain patriarchal 4. Labor relations change – master/slave – abuse of indigenous peoples 5. A few commercial leaders get rich 6. Environmental changes a. ood, animal, disease exhange 7. Native vegetation a. Deforestation for staple crops b. Grazing land for newly introduced beasts of burden 8. Centralization of governments a. Modern government 1. bureaucracies 2. agencies 3. admiralties 4. treasuries 5. general staff 6. state banks 9. Nation-states began to emerge a. solid political units with fixed borders b. sense of national unity c. populations relatively homogenous – language/e thnicity F. Larger Trends 1. Americas overwhelmed by outsiders 2. Three trends a. Western expansion . Globalization of trade c. Gunpowder 3. Reactions a. Embrace by choice b. Embrace by force c. Choose to remain independent, involve in trade on own terms G. Why 1450 and 1750 1. 1450 a. End of the Middle Ages b. Beginning of the Northern Renaissance – away from Italian city-states c. English evicted from France d. Unified France began to exercise its power e. Globalization of trade begins f. Direct contact between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa/Americas g. End of the Byzantine Empire h. Ottoman Turks rise to power How to cite Early Modern Period, Papers

Consumer Behavior and Purchase Intention †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behavior and Purchase Intention. Answer: Introduction The report presents a brief overview of the current strategic approaches of the Degani caf. It explains the situational analysis of the company. It tells that how the company is maintaining the good and effective image in food and beverage industry. It describes the goals and objectives of the firm. Further, it explains the porter five forces model to identify the key opportunities and threats in the market. The current marketing strategy of the Degani caf is unique and excellent. The company provides a relaxing and quiet environment to the employees to do the work effectively and efficiently. Mainly, caf focuses on the social media to increase the sales and revenue of the caf. It uses the brand awareness strategy to gain the competitive advantages. It is introducing new products in the market. It is planning to gain the various opportunities in South Australia, Queensland, and New South Wales. It is focusing on the Queensland to take the huge opportunities in the market to increase the sale of the food products. It uses the marketing approach to understand and analyze the new products in the market. Through marketing strategies, the Degani caf implements tactics in order to improve the quality of the products and services. Advertisement and promotion are the important and crucial part of the marketing plan and budget. It uses the incentive approach to provide satisfaction to the custome rs (Abdullah Ahmad, 2011). The Degani caf success and growth is based on its effectiveness to reduce the adverse impact of the five forces in its industry environment. This model is developed by the Michael porters. The caf should appropriate respond and analyze these five forces to maintain its market position in the market. The porter five forces model analyze the current conditions of the industry that impose emerging and current concerns relevant to the Degani caf. The porter five forces model has been discussed below (Kavishe, 2015). Competitive rivalry or competition: The strong force of competition and competitive rivalry are faced by the caf. These forces affect the competitors in the market adversely. The factors which contribute to the strong force of competitive rivalries such as low switching cost, a variety of firms and a large number of firms. The porter five forces model analyses and shows the competition that is existed in the market. The food industry faces a variety of competitors in the market. Thus, the caf must focus on the competitors that are existed in the market (Grunert Traill, 2012). Bargaining power of buyers and customers: The other strong force of the caf is bargaining power of suppliers /buyers. There are many external factors contribute to the strong and effective bargaining power of suppliers. They are such as small and tiny size of individual buyers, low and short switching cost and substitute presence. The bargaining power of customers affects the business activities and operation of the Degani Caf. There are many substitutes in beverages and food restaurants that affect the functions of such caf. The bargaining power of suppliers is the major concern for the Degani Caf (Lang Heasman, 2015). Bargaining power of suppliers: It is the weak force that is faced by the caf. Suppliers influence the food and beverages business. The external and macro factors such as bargaining power of suppliers such as large overall supply, different variety of suppliers and moderate fair size of individuals suppliers contribute to the bargaining power of suppliers. This model indicates that suppliers do not have more impact of the Degani Caf. The caf has made a policy to diversify the products. This policy reduces the impact of suppliers on the food and beverage business. Thus, the caf must analyze the suppliers in the market. Threats of substitutes: Threats of substitutes is the major concern in the restaurant The threats of substitutes are such as low switching cost, availability of alternatives and inappropriate cost of a substitute. These forces affect negatively the business activities and operation of the caf. The firm must control the threats of a substitute. As a result, it gains the competitive advantages (Paul Rana, 2012). Threats of new entrants: Threats of new entrants is another big concern in the food The threats of new entrants are such as high cost of brand expansion and development, modest supply chain cost and moderate cost of business. New entrants create barriers for the food and beverage industry. Thus, the firm should focus on the competitors to overcome in the market. Now it is assumed that porter five forces model is a framework for analyzing and evaluating of the business activities and operations. It shows the competitive integrity and reliability (Oraman, Azabagaoglu Inan, 2011). Fit between the company strategy and context The Degani cafe is a leader in Melbourne caf market. It uses unique and effective strong strategy in order to meet the long-term goals and objectives. It is taking strong interest to expand its business globally. There are approx 80 cafes, kiosks and restaurants of Degani Company across the world (Haley Haley, 2013). The company selects the best strategy to provide the best quality of food and beverage products to the customers across the world. It has appointed qualified, skilled and professional employee to serve the services to the customers in caf and restaurants. The firm focuses on the cost leadership strategy, focus strategy and differentiation strategy to gain the long-term benefits in caf industry (Tavitiyaman, Qu Zhang, 2011). Further, core competencies and core values are the strengths of the company. The core competencies are the combination of processes, expertise, skills, and technologies. The social, economic and environmental responsibility can be the core competency which the company uses to maintain the good image in the market. The human resource management is the important and foremost strength of the Degani Caf which helps to the company to overcome on the competitors in the market (Gold, Hahn Seuring, 2013). It provides the effective and excellent services to its customers. The Degani caf can be a leader of Caf and restaurants industry across the world with different effective and excellent strategies which are growing in the Caf market. Another side, the company uses the various effective business strategies to gain the profit in caf market share. Besides this, the firm uses unique and effective advertising and promotion strategy to encourage and increase the sales in the market and to beat t he competitors. Although the company is using effective strategy still it must create some campaign programs to reimburse their loyal and faithful customers (McGrath, 2013). There is a close relationship between the company strategy and its goals and objectives. The company cannot run the business in caf and restaurant industry without effective strategies. If the company makes effective plans and strategies then it can easily meet the long-term mission and objectives. The company also uses the differentiation strategy to differentiate its products from the competitors products in the market. So it can be said that there is a close relationship between company strategies and its goals and objectives (Morris, Shirokova Shatalov, 2013). Recommendations for the Degani The company needs to improve its services to provide satisfaction its customers in the market. It should transform its capabilities and core competencies country to country to increase the profit and sales. It has great opportunities in food and beverage products so it should build and develop these products. It should also focus on the coffee and tea products. Further, the firm makes a significant investment in marketing and advertising strategies to increase the revenue in the market. It should maintain good communication and cooperation with customers. It should provide home delivery services to its customers to attract the more customers in the market. The firm must build a better relationship with customers to increase the efficiency and effectiveness in the market. It should provide products and services at reasonable prices and it must offer good quality of products and services. In this way, the company can build and develop a strong position in the market with its effective strategies near future (Matzler, Bailom, Friedrich von den Eichen Kohler, 2013). Conclusion The report is based on the business activities and operation of the Degani caf. It is one of the biggest restaurants in Australia. It has made an exclusive and unique image in the market. It deals in various food and beverage products. The company uses the various excellent and effective strategies to increase the revenue and profit of the company. Further, Degani caf should follow the effective marketing strategies to increase the sales of the firm. It must analyze and evaluate the plans and strategies of the competitors in the market. The Degani caf is famous for the meals, sweats, coffee, and beverages. Thus, the company should evaluate and analyze the competitors strategies through porter five forces model and SWOT analysis. In this way, the Degani caf can maintain a good image in the market. References Abdullah, L. A. Z. I. M., Ahmad, N. (2011). Chocolate cakes preference using ranking fuzzy numbers.Journal of Quality Measurement and Analysis,7, 65-73. Gold, S., Hahn, R., Seuring, S. (2013). Sustainable supply chain management in Base of the Pyramid food projectsA path to triple bottom line approaches for multinationals?.International Business Review,22(5), 784-799. Grunert, K. G., Traill, B. (2012).Products and process innovation in the food industry. Springer Science Business Media. Haley, U. C., Haley, G. T. (2013).Subsidies to Chinese industry: state capitalism, business strategy, and trade policy. Oxford University Press. Kavishe, T. E. (2015).Coping with Power Interruptions in Tanzania: An Industrial Perspective A Case Study of One Small Scale Animal Food Processing Industry in Moshi Municipality(Master's thesis). Lang, T., Heasman, M. (2015).Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Routledge. Matzler, K., Bailom, F., Friedrich von den Eichen, S., Kohler, T. (2013). Business model innovation: coffee triumphs for Nespresso.Journal of Business Strategy,34(2), 30-37. McGrath, R. G. (2013).The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Morris, M. H., Shirokova, G., Shatalov, A. (2013). The business model and firm performance: The case of Russian food service ventures.Journal of Small Business Management,51(1), 46-65. Oraman, Y., Azabagaoglu, M. O., Inan, I. H. (2011). The firms survival and competition through global expansion: A case study from food industry in FMCG sector.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,24, 188-197. Paul, J., Rana, J. (2012). Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of consumer Marketing,29(6), 412-422. Tavitiyaman, P., Qu, H., Zhang, H. Q. (2011). The impact of industry force factors on resource competitive strategies and hotel performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,30(3), 648-657.

100 Years Americas Triumphant Arrival Essays - Slavery,

Everett Ziegenfuss Mr. Venezia AP US History February 1, 2016 100 Years: Americas Triumphant Arrival 1876. One-hundred years ago, America broke from the Britains grasp, and havent looked back. The United States began as a country run by white, property holding males, and within 100 years, voting rights were extended to freedmen. The economy barely held afloat by miniscule industry and simple farming to an international economic force. Thirteen measly colonies cowering in fear behind the rolling Appalachian Mountains to a vast nation spanning sea to shining sea. In 100 years as a country, Americas monumental advances politically, socially, and technologically validate the country being lionized for its accomplishments. Political advances set America apart from other international powerhouses of the time. From British colony to democratic dominator, America skyrocketed to heights no other country could have ever conceived. It all started with George Washington presidency and the American Constitution. Coming off the American Revolution and thrust into the presidential office lent itself to arguably the most influential eight years in the history of the US Washington, who promised the people to not pursue excess power as the president as well as avoid being charged with concealed ambition, opted against serving more than two terms (gilderlehrman). This set the precedent for all future presidencies (except Franklin D. Roosevelt). The American people were wary of a monarchical system, which constituted rule until death, because of how incompetent the colonial stint transpired. Based on the concept of democracy, an idea last executed by the Romans 1000 years prior, the Constitution was a risky, but succ essful endeavor. Because of the Constitution, there is a system of checks-and-balances which ensures no branch of government obtains more jurisdiction than another. To also distance themselves from the infamous monarchical system, the Constitution enacted the creation of the Electoral College. The Electoral College was established in the Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress andby a popular vote of qualified citizens (archives.gov). Unlike the monarchical system where the next monarch was decided by lineage, thus giving the general population no say on who would rule, the Electoral College gave the general population, initially white, property holding males, legitimate stake in who would run the country. In such a minute amount of time, America set the bar for democracy and exceeded expectations. The United States advancements politically did slow after its intensity of the late 18th century, but were not halted. This was shown by a belief held during the 1840s and 50s in which the expansion of the US throughout North America was both justified and inevitable, also known as Manifest Destiny. James K. Polk was a supporter of expansionism and thusly, during the 1844 Election was elected president. Two of Polks major goals were to acquire California from Mexico and settle the Oregon dispute with Britain. To settle the Oregon dispute, the Treaty of 1818 was extended along the 49th parallel. In his California venture, Polk did not aspire to fight Mexico, but Polk had to draw his hand. The Mexican-American War resulted in the Mexican Cession where the US obtained a chunk of western territory, including California. The Manifest Destiny, and westward expansion as a whole, epitomized the American ideology of personal freedom by allowing a massive movement westward in search of cheap l and and California gold. By moving west, the overpopulated northeast thinned out which led to so they could remove themselves from poverty (apecsec). By 1876, Americas centennial, the westward expansion due to the Manifest Destiny increased space for crops, allowed for the Transcontinental Railroad, reduced northeastern overcrowding leading to increased immigration, and an overall greater economy. Throughout the first 100 years of American country-hood, there was a multitude of social advances, especially with slaves, women, and the insane. In the South, agriculture and slavery were the predominant contributors to its economy. Without the ability to have a large force of unpaid bodies to tend to the fields, the southern economys pre-Civil War success would have never subsisted. Although they effectively ran the southern economy, slave treatment was horrid. The northern abolitionists fought against the southern plantation owners over the slavery. These extremely opposing positions on slavery were arguably the dominant cause

Demand in economics Essay Example

Demand in economics Essay Example Demand in economics Essay Demand in economics Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Demand in economics Demand is an economic standard that refers to customer’s desire and motivation to pay a certain price for goods or services. Demand displays how much in terms of quantity of products that buyers may desire. The demand relationship refers to the price and quantity changes when consumers demand a certain quantity at a certain price. Demand signifies the willingness or ability to purchase a product at a certain price. Conversely, quantity demanded makes an implication of the measure of commodity that corresponds to a specified price as per the demand curve. The quantity demanded is the physical measure of commodity that consumers are willing to purchase at a given price as per the demand curve. A change in the quantity required refers to reaction by customers to the alterations in the prices of commodities when all factors are held constant. The difference lies in the fact that quantity demand occurs at one point on the curve and not the whole curve. Changes in price Substitute goods can be defined as goods that can be exchanged in the event of changed circumstances. Changes in the cost of a substitute and complementary goods affect the demand of a good both negatively and positively. Substitute goods can replace another good completely. Positive alterations in the cost of the alternate good lower the quantity demanded for the other good. Scientifically, the variable representing the value of the substitute good will contributes towards a negative effect on the demand function. An example of a substitute product and the effect of changes in its price can be found in margarine and butter. A consumer that uses butter can easily switch to margarine and vice versa when either is missing from a store. When the price of butter rises, a consequent drop in the demand of butter shall be experienced. Consumers will instead opt for the cheaper margarine as it will serve the same purpose. The reverse is true in that a good’s demand increases when the substitute good’s price increases. Decrease in the market for Blu Ray discs The increase in the demand for Blu Ray players and other related products has been largely contributed by the popularity of high-definition media and home theater equipment. The increased growth in the purchases of Blu Ray was because of increased quality and size of the Blu Ray discs. Blu Ray is the only media capable of high definition media play back. Normal quality videos lost their quality when displayed on larger screens. Blu Ray was somewhat expensive but had the advantage of higher quality. A product was available for customers who had large HD televisions and more money to pay for the Blu Ray. The drop in the Blu Ray prices over the months mainly because most people have realized that they are not particularly interested in the products. Most consumers were using DVD and CD players before the development of Blu Ray. Other people were even using VHS. However, the same movie were being offered online free of charge. As a result, the DVD sales keep on dropping after every fiscal quarter. The expected increase in sales due to the switch to Blu Ray was unplanned and mistaken. The opening up of the Internet provided a substitute product for no price. Compared to the hefty price of about $40 for a standard Blu ray movie, most people opted for the cheaper substitute-the Internet. However, studies done by Taiwan Blu Ray manufacturers predicted that the growing popularity of Blu Ray discs would make the price drop up to a minimum of $1 while their American counterparts predicted around $5. The development of the Internet and cable or satellite TV killed the Blu Ray market within America. Using cable or satellite, a consumer can purchase or freely download films in HD at a cheaper rate than buying Blu Ray. The attempt by Blu Ray companies to block companies from offering free HD movies online sparked prices that further painted the company in a bad light. Blu Ray also has numerous restrictions that have discouraged users such as DRM, RIAA and HDMI that control the flexibility of watching a movie.

Policy Analysis I Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy Analysis I Paper - Essay Example They have stated that it is the responsibility of the federal government in keeping the illegal aliens out of the country and expelling those who are in the country. This essay shows the characteristics of these illegal aliens in the criminal justice system at state, local and federal levels. The analysis done at the federal level is based on the data from the United States Sentencing Commission that contains info on the criminal defendants who have been sentenced according to the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act and Pretrial Services Act Information System that contains info of charged defendants having federal offences (Clark & Anderson, 2000). The numbers of the illegal aliens that are in the federal criminal justice have shot up sharply. This is because the border enforcement was increased, increase in inhabitant illegal alien population and better identification methods used for the illegal aliens. Other different factors may also play a role in the numbers of increased illegal aliens in the federal criminal justice. In determining what leads to the changes in criminal activities, Pretrial Services Act Information System and United States Sentencing Commission data are limited. After the introduction of Operations Hold the Line and Gatekeeper, the population of these illegal aliens’ defendants that were accused and convicted of crossing the border illegally increased. Even though the convictions for these offenses increased in other different districts, not the two districts that were the homes of the initiatives. Missing any details on the law enforcement initiatives in the data sets associated with every arrest, conclusions on the links between arrests and enforcements become suggestive. The ability in tracking the level of changes in criminal activities on the illegal aliens will be enhanced if increased data on the aliens is collected. The Cook County analysis showed that the enormous

DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE - Coursework Example All these cases negatively influence group performance and personal relationships between employees. According to Roberge et al. (2011), strong organizational culture, focus on team work, cross-cultural couching and fairness in HR practices are proved to be effective in coping with diversity-related issues. Value-based organizational culture creates a special field where people from different backgrounds share the same aims and values. HR team should implement practices which do not conflict with personal values and traditions of employees. For instance, there are some religious holidays which require influence working schedule of employees. Even if the company is neutral to religion in its internal practices, employees should have a right to have a day off when such a holiday takes place. In order to regulate relationships between employees, organizations pay great attention to codes of conduct. Usually, these codes consist of universal values which can be accepted by all employees. Good code of conduct helps them to develop a shared vision and understand each other better. In summary, it is a hard task to manage diversity in the organization; at the same time, it is a rewarding one. When different people work together, they can create new innovative solutions which consider different points of view. Diversity is a strong value; if people feel that their values and needs are considered by the organization, they become more loyal and productive. Finally, training for employees can help them to understand each other better if their diversity causes

Controlled But Not Cured Chronic Diseases Nursing Essay

Controlled But Not Cured Chronic Diseases Nursing Essay The life of someone with a chronic medical condition is changed in many ways that a healthy individual cannot understand. There is remarkable impact to the social, recreational and occupational functioning of someone with chronic illness. Relationships are also often compromised and strained as the effects on the family can be as great, but different, than that of the person who is affected. The emotional toll on someone with the challenges of an ongoing illness can be overwhelming. Mood-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, anger, irritability, helplessness and hopelessness are emotions that all those with chronic illness will probably experience. One of the most common chronic illnesses is Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood. This is also known as hyperglycaemia. This results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. (American Diabetes Association (ADA), Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003). There are several types of diabetes mellitus; they may differ in cause, clinical cause and treatment. The main classifications of diabetes are: Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, Gestational diabetes mellitus and Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditions or syndromes. This report is focused on Type 1 diabetes. The number of new cases of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in younger children (Alderson et al. 2006). Type 1 diabetic patients are usually diagnosed before thirty years of age (CDC, Diabetes Surveillance, 1999) and in fact an alternative name is Juvenile diabetes. Approximately 5% to 10% of people with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes, in which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by the auto immune process. Consequently they produce little or no insulin and therefore require insulin injections to control their blood glucose levels. The clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes are immense. These include rapid weight loss, thirst and hunger, frequent urination, lethargy and maybe even diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Smeltzer, S.C, (2004). If this chronic illness is not managed properly it can result in terrible consequences. These may include loss of eyesight and limbs, coma or even death. All of these complications can affect the persons personal, social, and work life. When diabetes is managed properly, complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy can be prevented (Hernandez Williamson, 2004). This chronic disease has a huge impact on both the patient and the whole family. Parents are continuously concerned about their childs transition through adolescence and often consider this as a stressful period in their life. When individuals are still very young, and thus, depending on their parents or carers there will be a sense of attachment between the two. This situation creates further anxiousness since parents act in different roles simultaneously, the role of a mother or father and the one who pricks her child everyday to check blood glucose levels and administer insulin therapy by injections. Much of the spontaneity of everyday life disappears in a routine of set-meals, blood tests, injections and attention in trying to keep blood glucose levels within a target range. According to Silink (2002) diabetes never takes a holiday. There is no disease in medicine in which parents are asked to make so many daily decisions about a life-saving treatment such as administering of insulin which, in the wrong dose, could cause harm to their child. There is evidence that a grieving period is experienced not only by the child but also by the parents following the loss of their childs health and sometimes parents even blame themselves for their childs disease . At times parents feel helpless in front of the disease and unable to provide the necessary diabetes care for their child. Affected children try to live normal and want to be seen and treated as no-diabetics, even though they know that to cope with their illness, there are things that they have to do that their friends can do without. This situation has a significant impact on the individuals involved and it can lead to loss of confidence and social isolation. Persons having chronic illness are in a constant state of grieving aspects of themselves that they may not get back. According to Stanton, A.L. et. al (1994), coping with the effects of the chronic illness requires a constant reorganizing and redefinition of self based on the changed reality imposed by the illness. The emotions elicited by chronic illness resemble the five stages described by Elisabeth Kubler Ross (1969) as stages of grief. The five stages are Denial, Anger, Depression, Bargaining and Acceptance. In fact, the individuals feel sad over their lost health and all the ramifications of that loss. Kà ¼bler-Ross originally applied these stages to people suffering from terminal illness, later to any form of disastrous personal loss such as employment. This may also include important life events such as the death of a family member, divorce, drug addiction, the onset of a disease or chronic illness or others. Kà ¼bler-Ross claimed these steps do not come in the order noted above, nor are all steps experienced by all patients, though she stated that a person will always experience at least two. It is a fact that no one can ever be prepared for the despair and disruption that a chronic illness bring about. For some individuals, it creates an inner struggle around beliefs and faith.   The person may feel abandoned, angry and confused and start asking the why questions.   For other people, turning to spiritual practice, meditation or prayer can offer comfort.   One theoretical model that has dealt with how cognitive factors influence illness coping behaviours and its outcomes is the Common Sense Model (CSM) of illness representations proposed by Leventhal, Meyer and Nerenz (1980) (Leventhal et al.,1984). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness was developed in the 1980s by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues    (Diefenbach Leventhal, 1996).  The theory has various titles such as the, Self Regulation Theory, Common Sense Model of Illness Representation or Leventhals Theory (Hale et al, 2007).   The key construct within the Common Sense Model is the idea of illness representations or lay beliefs about illness. These representations integrate with existing guidelines that people hold, enabling them to make sense of their symptoms and guide any coping actions. Leventhal et al (1997) describe five components of these illness representations: The first component is identity. This is the label or name given to the condition and the symptoms that appear to go with it, in this case Type 1 diabetes. When a person is diagnosed with a chronic illness, he experiences a health threat in his life. Type1 diabetes presents itself with different symptoms and these are both experienced as body symptoms and also at an abstract cognitive level. Information about diabetes is provided to the individuals in order to have a clear picture of their disease. Hence the more illness coherence the individual has, the more they are capable to deal with it and create their personal model (Hampson, S.E, 1990). For example, a patient in the study of Huston, S.A Houk, C.P. (2011) who was an adolescent with well-controlled disease, noted that T1D is hereditary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [text omitted] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Its when your body attacks your pancreas and it stops producing insulin. You have to give yourself insulin to make your blood sugar level. In cont rast, patient 10, an adolescent with poorly controlled disease, reported that diabetes type 1 is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ah, actually I really cant explain it. Time line is another domain of the Common Sense Model, this represents the duration of the illness which can be chronic, acute or cyclical. These beliefs will be re-evaluated as time progresses, and it has been suggested that Inside every chronic patient is an acute patient wondering what happened (Brown, F.M., 2002). The vast majority of patients understand their condition as a lifelong one, although sometimes the hope for a cure is mentioned. A few conflate cure with disease improvement or needing fewer treatments. Several timeline models have been put forward to depict the outcome of the interplay between the genetic and environmental factors. Chatenoud, L., Bluestone, J.A., 2007 argue that disease progression in T1D is not a linear process, but rather proceeds at variable pace in individual patients. For example in the study of Huston, S.A Houk, C.P (2011) a patient with good control of T1D, stated theres a honeymoon stage where you dont have it, like-it could go up from, like 2 days to a month, but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I havent gone through that yet, and I think it can-it can go away. Personal control can also suffer an impact and since diabetes is a chronic disease there is the risk of poor adaption and lack of control. It is comprehensible that at this age children are difficult to control and can struggle with metabolic management at times. These representations will be based on information gathered from personal experience as well as the opinions and discourses of significant others, health professionals and media sources, reflecting issues such as stress, environmental pollution and other pathogens. Although Diabetic patients try to adhere to treatment and diet, they are also likely to cheat. Some of the patients sometimes are glad that their glucose level is low. They feel so not because of the good result but in order to take the opportunity and eat something sugary so that they have a decent blood glucose level. Treatment control represents the perception that following ones treatment is beneficial.. Managing this chronic illness is challenging. Parents of type 1 diabetic patients have to be strict in order that their children are compliant and empowered to control this disease. Although diabetic patients especially adults tend to be very compliant, those who still have high blood glucose results are then put back. They argue that although they are adherent and sacrifice themselves they still do not have the desired outcome. Consequences and emotional representations: the individual beliefs about the consequences of the condition and how this will impact on them physically, psychologically, financially and socially. These representations may only develop into more realistic beliefs over time. Some sort of consequences always exists when having a chronic illness. For example individuals who are diabetics are sometimes ashamed of telling their friends about their condition. Instead they make up excuses that they do not like sweets or they still get some and then they end up with hyperglycaemia. This shows that the individuals have not yet accepted their disease and are still denying the reality. Self-care activities are seen as a consequence by all diabetics, with specific activities varying by disease and age. Diabetic people describe their disease as serious or very serious, with death most frequently mentioned as the worst that could happen, followed by coma, eye sight problems, wounds or amputations re lated to Diabetes and hospitalization. Apart from all these some of the patients are always hiding that they have diabetes as for them it is a great loss in health which is eventually embarrassing. Financial problems and employment complications can be present as well (Marmot, M., Madge, N., 1987). This is probable due to a diminished level of independence which will effect mobility and reduce the working capacity in the advanced stage of the disease. Moreover, children will also fail to attend school due to frequent hospital visits or admissions, and perhaps sickness from secondary diseases caused by diabetes. Another model is the trajectory model which is a nursing model that mostly considers the situation of individuals with chronic diseases. It has been introduced by Juliet Corbin, a nurse and nursing scientist, and by the sociologist Anselm Strauss. This is also known as the Corbin-Strauss-Model and is recognised as a middlerange explanatory nursing theory (Corbin Straus, 1991). This model focuses on the concerned person having the chronic illness who requires support of the health care system during the process of coping with the illness. In terms of the Trajectory Model (TM), a faithful building of a relation between the caring nursing person and the patient should be affected. McCorkle Pasacreta, (2001) explains eight phases of chronic illness trajectory. The first phase is the Initial or pretrajectory phase, this takes place prior signs and symptoms are present whilst the Trajectory onset phase is when there are the first signs and symptoms and diagnosis takes place. The third phase is the crisis phase which takes place when serious situations occur. The acute phase is the stage where the symptoms are normally controlled by a prescribed regimen. The following phase stable phase is when the symptoms are under control and managed well. On the other hand the unstable phase takes place if the symptoms are not controlled with the prescribed management. The downward phase arises when there is development of mental and physical deterioration and the dying phase is the period before death approaches. This report provides recommendations to improve both the chronically ill individual and his relatives quality of life. The goal of these recommendations is to improve the health and hence become more compliant and adherent to treatment. However before blaming a person who is not very compliant, the health care team should assess the individual for any underlying problems which the patient might be facing. Recommendations Treatment adherence difficulties are common in individuals with diabetes, making glycaemic control difficult to attain. Since the risk of complications of diabetes can be reduced by proper adherence, patients who are not compliant should try and cope with some ideal recommendations for diabetes management. The concepts of compliance and adherence to treatment should be discussed and advices for improving adherence should be offered by adopting a more collaborative model of care emphasizing patient autonomy and choice. Ideally, prioritization and a realistic goal setting programme are discussed with both the patient and his carer to facilitate the implementation of self-management care. These targets should be selected on their importance, patient and carer motivation to succeed and the promptness of self-care. Bodenheimer et al. (2002) argues that selecting the wrong target or initiating too many changes at once can overwhelm the patient and lead to poor adherence. Nurses play a critical role in reducing diabetic difficulties through holistic care and education. The health care team can prevent such complications in patients by providing diabetes education especially to newly diagnosed patients. This can include creating a multidisciplinary diabetic control regimen by meeting patients regularly to check upon patients compliance. Through these interventions, nurses can greatly reduce diabetes complications in patients. When diabetes is not managed appropriately, it can put the individual at risk for long-term health and social problems. The role of the nurse in educating children and their families on the management of their care is imperative. Nurses can provide this information in a variety of settings, such as hospitals and schools. Good management of diabetes can be difficult for anyone, but there are special challenges when the effected person is a child. Youth with diabetes have a much higher rate of depression than the general population (Kanner, Hamrin, Grey, 2003). Young children may not understand why they need treatment and have their fingers pricked all the time. The teenagers are usually more interested in fitting in, and doing whatever their friends are doing at the time (Nabors, Troillett, Nash Masiulis, 2005). All of these challenges increase the need for good education to prevent diabetes related health problems. The average hospital stay for newly diagnosed child with diabetes is less than three days (Habich, 2006). This is barely enough time for the child, and his or her family, to learn the minimum skills needed to manage this disease at home. Some basic skills include how to check blood sugar level, what is the normal range, what to do if it is not within the normal range, and how to administer insulin. After being discharged from hospital most children spend a long time of their day at school where the school nurse will play a role in the management of their care. The nurses may also be the only ones at school with enough knowledge about diabetes to educate the students teachers and coaches about their disease. Educating the school staff is important because they need to watch the children for signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia, such as nervousness, shaking, irritability, or blurred vision. They should also know how to check the childs blood sugar if they suspect it is low, and what to give them if it is. This happens especially if the child is still very young and is not yet compliant. When the child goes for a school activity, the teachers or those caring for the students should always have something sugary such as sweet drinks or sweets which can raise the childs glucose level quickly when necessary. Nurses are both educators and managers of care at schools. According to Brown, S.A (1999), physician encouragement can successfully assist patients change their behaviours. They may also organise support groups if more than one child is diabetic, so that the students can discuss among themselves some issues regarding their illness. The more children are educated about their own disease, the better the chance of it being managed properly. According to ADA 2005, it is important for physicians to provide patients with blood glucose goals. To achieve these goals, patients may need counselling on how to appropriately balance their caloric intake, physical activity, and insulin doses throughout the day. This balance requires patients to learn how food, physical activity, and insulin affect their blood glucose levels. Physicians may refer a patient to a certified diabetes educator at the time of diagnosis or if the patient is unable to meet his or her glycaemic goals. Diabetes self-management education is the essential foundation for the empowerment approach and is necessary for patients to effectively manage diabetes and make these decisions. Funnell, M.M. et al. (1991) state that the purpose of patient education within the empowerment philosophy is to help patients make decisions about their care and obtain clarity about their goals, values, and motivations. Patients need to learn about diabetes and how to safely care for it on a daily basis (Anderson, R.M, 1995). It is also essential to give information about various treatment options, the benefits and costs of each of these strategies, how to make changes in their behaviors, and how to solve problems (Arnold, M.S., 1995). In addition, patients need to understand their role as a decision-maker and how to assume responsibility for their care by means of giving appropriate information. The DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, 2001), demonstrated that tight control of blood glucose levels can cause weight gain and even obesity. Patients should be reminded that food portion control and lower caloric intake plus regular physical activity are critical to avoid weight gain. When dealing with diet, diabetic patients should only eat sweets in moderation. To slow the rapidly rising blood glucose levels caused by sweets, patients should eat them with other foods when possible and use rapid-acting insulin (ADA, 2005). Eating at bedtime and eating other snacks are largely needless to raise blood glucose levels if a patient uses insulin. On the other hand they may be necessary if the patients blood glucose level is low. If the patient is still dependant, parents should be aware of the products available on the markets which are good alternatives of the normal sugar-based ones. It is ideal that people should be encouraged to ask more about these foods and where they are available. In England, a structured educational programme (DAFNE) to help people with Type 1 Diabetes exists. This is called Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE). Making use of this programme persons learn how to regulate their insulin dosage to suit their free choice of food, rather than having to work their life around their insulin doses. Similar programmes will be precious for diabetic patients in Malta if they are implemented. The patient or physician should teach persons who have frequent contact with the patient about the symptoms of hypoglycaemia. They should be knowledgeable on how to treat the condition, how to overcome the patients occasional hypoglycaemia, and the importance of remaining calm during an episode. If the patient needs help, they should simply provide him or her with a source of sugar. Patients usually recover quickly and if not, additional sugar can be given. If extreme hypoglycaemia inhibits a patient from eating or drinking safely, a single injection of glucagon (1 mg intravenously or subcutaneously) usually will restore consciousness within few minutes. One should pay special attention when having excessive alcohol consumption. This increases the incidence of hypertension and stroke and inhibits the liver from releasing glucose, exacerbating hypoglycaemia. Patients should limit alcohol consumption to one to two drinks per day and focus on maintaining a normal blood glucose level when drinking alcohol (Whelton, P.K, 2002). Regular physical activity is especially important for patients with diabetes, because inactivity in these patients is associated with a two times higher risk of cardiovascular disease. According to Moy, C.S. et. al (1993), patients should exercise for thirty to sixty minutes daily at an intensity of at least a brisk walk. These people should be counselled on how to accommodate exercises effect on blood glucose levels. Physicians should tell patients that insulin is absorbed and peaks faster during exercise, especially when injected into the leg. Klonoff, D.C, (2005) recommends that patients should assess fingertip blood glucose levels at least three times daily and record the results whenever they notice that it is not within the normal range. In addition, patients should test their blood glucose levels before and after exercising, before driving, and when they are uncertain if their blood glucose is at an appropriate level. Bedtime testing is especially important because nocturnal symptoms may go unnoticed, causing severe hypoglycaemia. Patients should know how rapidly their insulins take effect, when they peak, and how long they are active. Each type of insulin has distinct advantages and disadvantages. People with diabetes have an increased risk of depression and anxiety, which may be why many diabetes specialists regularly include a social worker or psychologist as part of their diabetes care team. One important aspect of the experience of caring for a child with a chronic illness is social support. Social support can be positive when social interactions are advised and these can leave a fruitful impact on health and well-being. On the other hand, certain social contacts can be stressors rather than supportive. This may include creating uncertainty and worry, negative labelling, giving misleading information and creating dependence (Suls, 1982). There are support groups available both online and in person. Although support groups are not for everyone, they can be good sources of sharing of information. Group members often know about the latest treatments and tend to share their own experiences or helpful information. It is well understood that a supporting family background and a combination of medical professionals involving nutritional therapists, nurses, physiotherapists, education supervisors and the diabetic specialist, lead to the successful management of this increasingly common childhood illness. Patients with diabetes should be reassured that they can do almost anything those without diabetes can do as long as they maintain glucose control. Family doctors can significantly influence their patients outlooks on living with diabetes by educating them and encouraging them to take control of their health. The previous recommendations focus on the key educational messages that patients with diabetes need to know. Taking the time to explain these recommendations, instead of simply providing written materials is beneficial to patients. These discussions can increase patients satisfaction and understanding and benefit their future health. The major focus of Diabetes is the need for adhering to treatment. Also it is imperative that individuals follow the dietary requirements in order to help manage the disease and ensures that certain problems like hypo or hyperglycaemia attacks are minimal. Mancuso et al. (2003) emphasises that education of both children and parents is of extreme importance for understanding diabetes and all it is about and subsequently being successful in long term care. Following the previous recommendations ensures that individuals are empowered to improve and hence have the best quality of care possible.